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Also known as manic-depression, this brain disorder affects more than 2 million American adults, or about 1 percent of the population over 18, in any given year. Adult bipolar disorder typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. People with bipolar disorder generally experience episodes of mania, often described as "highs", combined with episodes of depression ("lows"). Severe episodes of mania or depression may at times include psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions. Medication and psychosocial therapies combined are often the long-term treatment plan. Mood stabilizers such as lithium are commonly used with bipolar disorder. Anticonvulsant medications such as valproate or carbamazepine also have mood stabilizing effects, and newer anticonvulsants are currently being tested for their effectiveness with bipolar disorder.
Childhood Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder can occur in children and adolescents. The symptoms are harder to diagnose than in adults, as they may co-occur with other common childhood mental disorders or may be mistaken for age-related emotions/behaviors. Unlike normal mood changes, bipolar disorder significantly impacts school, social activities and family life. The disorder may be as common in youth as it is in adults. Symptoms can appear as early as infancy. Childhood bipolar disorder often begins with major depression marked by chronic irritability. Treatment usually includes medication and psychosocial measures, such as psychotherapy, family educational groups, family support groups, and accommodations at school.